The ADC field is advancing rapidly, with 17 ADCs approved to date, including 13 by the U.S. FDA, and more than 300 candidates in clinical development. Among these, dual-payload conjugates and other next-generation designs are emerging to address limitations of current ADCs.

However, the complexity of ADC biology continues to hinder rational optimization. Key challenges include understanding the influence of antigen expression, mechanisms of resistance, and the systematic design of synergistic payload combinations.